79% of UK adults support national security agencies collecting and processing personal data to investigate terrorism and serious crime, according to new research by the Centre for Emerging Technology and Security (CETaS) at The Alan Turing Institute, in collaboration with Savanta and Hopkins Van Mil, published today.
The new study, which featured a representative survey of over 3000 UK adults alongside a citizens’ panel, measured public attitudes to national security agencies processing personal data. It is the first study of its kind to look at public trust in UK intelligence agencies’ use of data.
The research measured public support for data processing across several different purposes, ranging from investigating individuals suspected of terrorism and serious crime to the use of data to create automated tools for predicting future behaviors. Public support ranged across these contexts and was not universal; for example 3 in 10 (28%) are opposed to personal data being used to train a new automated tool for predicting future behaviours.
3 in 4 (75%) support national security agencies collecting and processing personal data to detect foreign government spies, and 69% support it to investigate a crime for which they are suspected to be connected. Other contexts have less public support; for example only half (52%) support data collection and processing to shape long-term strategies and policies of national security agencies, four in ten (42%) support its use to create automated tools to predict future behaviours, and less than a third (28%) support it in the context of sharing with commercial organisations.
Alongside looking at the purposes for use of data the research also looked at support for processing a range of datasets for a person of interest to security services or police, including public posts on social media sites, biometric data, identifiable medical data and private text messages among others.
The research showed that support for national security data processing is widespread but not universal, with a sizeable minority opposed across the board. For each dataset tested, more than 20% of UK adults are opposed to national security processing, and more than 25% are opposed to police processing. This applies even for data that is already in the public domain (i.e. public posts on a social media site).
Support also varies significantly across age groups and demographics. Young adults and vulnerable adults are less supportive of national security data processing compared to other groups.
Only half of 18-34 year olds (49%) support national security agencies processing public posts on a social media site, compared to 61% amongst ages 55+. This is reflected in comparisons of support from vulnerable adults (52%) to non-vulnerable (62%).
The study is also the first to compare public attitudes to human versus machine processing of data in a national security context. Insights from both the survey and the citizens’ panel of 33 members of the public showed that there is no indication that the public find automated data processing to be inherently more or less intrusive or fair than human processing. Indeed, a strong appetite for technological innovation in UK national security was identified, with panel members supporting the use of machine-learning (ML) techniques provided there are assurances around accuracy, fairness, safeguards and human oversight are involved.
The research demonstrated that the public are in general not aware of what powers intelligence agencies have to collect data about them. Just 15% report being completely aware that agencies have powers to collect information about people in the UK, without their knowledge. Findings from the citizens panel suggest that, due to low awareness, many assume that intelligence agencies receive minimal oversight. Many were surprised and reassured to learn about the hoops agencies need to jump through before collecting data. Many were also keen for more education around these safeguards.
This research is vital at a time in which emerging technologies are transforming national security data processing. Policymakers and other stakeholders must develop a clear understanding of public priorities and concerns in this area in order to make informed decisions about whether and how to automate different aspects of national security data processing.
Rosamund Powell, Research Associate at The Alan Turing Institute, said: “This research is the first of its kind examining public attitudes to data processing in a specifically national security context. It demonstrates that there is not just one public perspective on privacy, and that agencies must continue to seek a nuanced understanding of the factors that shape public preferences in order to ensure that data processing remains proportionate in the eyes of the public.”
Sir Brian Leveson, Investigatory Powers Commissioner, said: “In an era of rapid technological change, in which the UK embraces cutting‑edge capabilities to protect the public and strengthen national security, we must ensure these tools operate under the rigorous, legal scrutiny that sustains public trust. I welcome this opportunity to deepen our understanding of public attitudes to UK national security and hope this research will provide a foundation for balanced dialogue and informed decision‑making.”
Top image credit: pattozher via Adobe Stock
